THE MODREN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

Introduction:

In the turn of the twenty century modern medical practice actually began. in the twentieth century ,the advance made in the basic science (pharmacology, chemistry, physiology, and so on)began to occur much more rapidly. since 1970s, medical researchers have put electronics brain to work performing complex calculation, keeping records (via A.I), and even controlling the very instrument that sustains life. The development of new imaging technique such as computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) totally depended on a continually advancing computer technology. technology struck medicine like a thunderbolt.

Nanotechnology, tissue engineering, and artificial organs are clear indications that science fiction will continue to become reality. A biomedical engineers apply electrical, electronics, chemical, optical, mechanical, and other engineering principle to modify, understand or control biological(i.e human and animal) systems.when a biomedical engineer works within hospital or clinic, he or she is called a clinical engineer.

This figure show the morbidity and decline between the onset of disease till death.

The morbidity associated with autogenous bone graft harvest and the recent concern regarding the transmission of live virus through use of allograft, have been the impetus for research into a variety of materials that could take the place of these standard materials for bone grafting. The positive results reported with various ceramics and/or bone derivatives suggest the possibility of a material with osteoconductive and/or osteoinductive properties for use with or in place of bone graft. This review discusses a variety of bone graft and bone graft substitute materials. Among the osteoconductive materials outlined are the hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate ceramics as well as some reportedly osteoactive polymers. While osteoconduction is a favorable quality, much interest has focussed on the use of osteoinductive or osteogenic materials such as demineralized bone matrix or bone derivatives, that is, BMP, osteogenin, etc. It is increasingly apparent that these materials require a carrier vehicle for optimal expression of osteoactivity.